Introduction
The commercialisation of agriculture and economic life in colonial India was a significant transformation that reshaped traditional structures. Driven largely by British colonial policies, this shift had deep impacts on rural society, agrarian relations, and economic stability.
What is Commercialisation?
Commercialisation refers to the process by which agricultural produce and other goods were increasingly grown or produced for sale in the market rather than for personal or local consumption. In India, this change began intensifying during the 19th century under British rule.
Factors Behind Commercialisation
- British policies promoted cash crops like cotton, indigo, opium, and jute to serve industrial needs in Britain.
- Expansion of railways and road infrastructure facilitated market access and long-distance trade.
- Colonial revenue systems pressured peasants to sell produce to pay taxes in cash.
Impact on Agriculture and Society
The shift from subsistence to cash crop farming reduced food grain production, leading to food insecurity and vulnerability to famines. Farmers became more dependent on moneylenders and markets, making them susceptible to price fluctuations and debt traps.
Commercialisation widened rural inequalities. Rich landlords and moneylenders benefited, while small peasants faced increasing poverty and landlessness. Traditional barter and community-based economic systems declined as the cash economy expanded.
Conclusion
While commercialisation introduced India to a more market-oriented economy, it largely benefited colonial interests. For most Indians, it led to deeper exploitation, reduced self-sufficiency, and long-term socio-economic problems.