India’s foreign policy has evolved significantly over the last decade, reflecting shifts in global power dynamics, economic priorities, and security concerns. While India’s core principles—non-alignment, strategic autonomy, and peaceful coexistence—remain intact, its diplomatic engagements have become more pragmatic, assertive, and globalized. The period from 2014 to 2024 has witnessed several key transformations in India’s approach to international relations.
—
Major Changes in India’s Foreign Policy in the Last 10 Years
1. Shift from Non-Alignment to Multi-Alignment
– Traditionally, India followed a non-alignment policy (NAM) to maintain independence from power blocs during the Cold War. However, recent foreign policy has focused on multi-alignment, engaging with multiple global powers for strategic and economic benefits.
– India has strengthened ties with countries like the United States, Russia, Japan, and Australia, balancing its global partnerships while maintaining strategic autonomy.
—
2. Stronger Focus on Neighborhood First Policy
– India has prioritized regional diplomacy through the Neighborhood First Policy, aiming to enhance trade, connectivity, and security cooperation with South Asian nations.
– High-level visits, energy cooperation, and infrastructure projects have deepened ties with Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka.
– However, tensions persist with Pakistan and China, affecting regional stability.
—
3. Strategic Engagement with Major Powers
– United States: Strengthened defense and economic ties through agreements like BECA (Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement) and QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue).
– Russia: Continued military cooperation, including the S-400 missile defense deal, despite global pressure.
– European Union: India has expanded economic partnerships and climate action commitments with European nations.
—
4. Assertive Approach to Border and Security Issues
– India has adopted a more assertive stance on territorial disputes, particularly with China and Pakistan.
– The Galwan Valley clash (2020) with China led to increased border security measures and military modernization.
– Cross-border strikes like the Surgical Strikes (2016) and Balakot Airstrike (2019) marked a shift towards proactive defense strategies.
—
5. Strengthened Role in Global Governance
– India has actively engaged in global forums, including G20, BRICS, SCO, and UN Security Council (as a non-permanent member in 2021-22).
– Hosted the G20 Summit (2023), showcasing India’s leadership in global economic and climate issues.
—
6. Emphasis on Economic and Trade Diplomacy
– India has focused on Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India) while expanding global trade through bilateral and regional trade agreements.
– Signed Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with UAE, Australia, and the UK to boost exports and economic ties.
– Strengthened economic cooperation through BRICS and Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF).
—
7. Indo-Pacific Strategy and Maritime Security
– India has played a leading role in the Indo-Pacific Strategy, enhancing maritime security and freedom of navigation.
– Strengthened naval cooperation with Australia, Japan, and the US under the QUAD alliance to counter China’s influence.
– SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) policy promotes regional maritime cooperation with Indian Ocean nations.
—
8. Energy and Climate Diplomacy
– Increased focus on renewable energy and climate leadership, including commitments under the Paris Agreement and COP26.
– Launched International Solar Alliance (ISA) to promote clean energy collaborations.
– Shift towards energy security through nuclear and hydrocarbon partnerships with the Middle East, Russia, and Africa.
—
9. Technology and Cyber Diplomacy
– India has positioned itself as a global technology leader, focusing on digital infrastructure, cybersecurity, and artificial intelligence.
– Strengthened partnerships in 5G, semiconductor production, and digital trade with major economies like the US, Japan, and EU.
—
10. Increased Humanitarian and Vaccine Diplomacy
– During the COVID-19 pandemic, India launched the Vaccine Maitri initiative, supplying vaccines to over 100 countries, boosting its global goodwill.
– Provided humanitarian aid to crisis-hit countries like Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal.
—
Conclusion
India’s foreign policy in the last decade has undergone a significant transformation, characterized by multi-alignment, strategic assertiveness, economic diplomacy, and global leadership. While India continues to face challenges such as border disputes, regional instability, and balancing global pressures, its evolving approach ensures greater influence in international affairs. The shift from a passive to a proactive foreign policy reflects India’s aspirations to become a key global power in the 21st century.
