Introduction The presumption of innocence is a basic principle in criminal law. It means that every accused person is considered innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. This is a crucial right under the Indian legal system and plays a central role in ensuring justice and fairness. Legal Foundation in India Article 21 […]
Introduction The police play a crucial role in the criminal justice system of India. As the first point of contact for crime victims and law enforcement, the police serve as the primary agency for maintaining law and order, investigating crimes, and upholding justice. Role of Police in Indian Criminal Justice System 1. Law Enforcement Police
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Introduction The criminal justice system in India has evolved over centuries, shaped by ancient customs, colonial rule, and modern legal reforms. Its journey reflects India’s transition from traditional systems of punishment to a structured, rights-based legal framework. 1. Ancient Period Manu Smriti and Arthashastra: These ancient texts outlined laws and punishments based on caste, status,
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Introduction The Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860 is the backbone of criminal law in India. Drafted by Lord Macaulay and implemented during British rule, the IPC defines crimes and prescribes punishments for various offences. It remains a comprehensive legal framework to this day. Salient Features of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 1. Comprehensive Legal
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Introduction The ecological school of criminology studies crime in relation to the environment or community. It believes that crime is not only the result of an individual’s behavior but is deeply influenced by their surroundings. This approach is especially important in understanding juvenile delinquency. Ecological School of Criminology: Overview This theory emerged from the Chicago
Introduction Crime is considered an act that is forbidden by law and punishable by the state. To understand crime and how it is dealt with in the legal system, it is essential to explore its basic elements and the principles of criminal jurisprudence that guide its prosecution and punishment. Essential Elements of Crime For an
Introduction Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and present data in a simple and understandable form. It gives a clear picture of what the data looks like. Types of Descriptive Statistics Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, median, and mode. Measures of Dispersion: Range, variance, standard deviation. Frequency Distribution: Shows how often a value occurs. Purpose
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Introduction Inferential statistics helps researchers make conclusions about a large population by studying a small sample. It uses probability to make predictions or test hypotheses. Features Based on sample data. Helps in testing theories and assumptions. Common methods: t-test, chi-square test, ANOVA. Used to make generalizations beyond the data collected. Conclusion Inferential statistics is important
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Introduction Bivariate analysis is a statistical method used to study the relationship between two variables. It helps researchers understand how one factor may affect another. Methods of Bivariate Analysis Correlation: Shows the strength and direction of a relationship. Cross-tabulation: Compares two variables in a table format. Regression: Predicts one variable based on another. Example Studying
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Introduction Data refers to facts, figures, and information collected during research. It can be numbers, words, images, or observations used to understand and solve a problem. Types of Data Quantitative Data: Numerical data like age, income, marks. Qualitative Data: Descriptive data like opinions, feelings, and experiences. Sources Data can come from surveys, interviews, documents, or
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