IGNOU

Swaraj for Gandhi is self-reliance and self-government. Explain.

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Introduction The concept of Swaraj is central to Mahatma Gandhi’s political philosophy and vision for India. Unlike conventional definitions of political independence, Gandhi’s Swaraj goes beyond mere freedom from colonial rule. For him, Swaraj was a comprehensive ideal encompassing political self-rule, economic self-reliance, social justice, and moral development. In this framework, Swaraj is synonymous with […]

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Describe the classical notion of civil society and its limitations as a functional institution in modern polity.

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Introduction The concept of civil society has been central to political thought since ancient times. Classical thinkers envisioned civil society as an organized community governed by laws and united by shared values, distinct from the state. Over time, this notion has evolved, particularly in response to changing political and economic contexts. While the classical understanding

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MGPE-012 Women and Peace – Solved Assignment Answers 2024-25

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MGPE-012: Women and Peace – Assignment Answer Index (2024-25) Below are the links to the complete solved answers for the MGPE-012 assignment for the academic year 2024-25. Each question has been answered in detail, following IGNOU guidelines. Discuss the merits and limitations of the theory of development enunciated by Western thinkers like W.W. Rostow and

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Anti-Dowry Agitation

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Introduction Dowry, a deeply entrenched social practice in South Asia, particularly in India, has led to widespread violence, discrimination, and even deaths of women. Over the decades, anti-dowry agitation has emerged as a powerful movement to resist this injustice and transform societal norms. It involves organized efforts by women’s groups, civil society, and legal reformers

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Eco-feminism

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Introduction Eco-feminism is a philosophical and political movement that explores the connection between the exploitation of nature and the oppression of women. Emerging in the 1970s as a fusion of feminist and environmental thought, eco-feminism critiques how patriarchal systems dominate both women and the environment. It argues that the same mindset that justifies control over

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‘Green Belt’ Movement in Kenya

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Introduction The Green Belt Movement is one of the most iconic environmental and women-led movements in the world. Founded in Kenya in 1977 by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai, the movement focuses on environmental conservation, women’s empowerment, and community development. It has not only helped restore Kenya’s ecosystem but also served as a global

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Peace initiatives pioneered by women in Afghanistan

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Introduction Afghanistan, a country plagued by decades of conflict, war, and political instability, has also been home to a powerful yet often overlooked movement—peacebuilding efforts led by women. Despite facing enormous challenges, including violence, social stigma, and gender-based restrictions, Afghan women have played a vital role in advocating for peace, reconciliation, and social justice. This

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Power and control wheel

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Introduction The Power and Control Wheel is a conceptual tool developed to understand the dynamics of abusive relationships, particularly domestic violence. It illustrates the various tactics used by abusers to exert power and maintain control over their partners. Developed by the Domestic Abuse Intervention Project in Duluth, Minnesota, the wheel is widely used by social

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Different forms of structural gender-based violence

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Introduction Structural gender-based violence refers to the systemic and institutionalized forms of discrimination and harm inflicted upon individuals based on their gender. Unlike direct violence, structural violence is embedded in laws, policies, social norms, and cultural practices that perpetuate inequality and disadvantage for women and gender minorities. It operates subtly but powerfully across all aspects

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