Introduction The economic reforms introduced in India during the 1990s marked a turning point in the country’s development trajectory. Triggered by a severe balance of payments crisis, these reforms aimed at liberalizing the economy, reducing state control, and integrating with the global market. Often referred to as the LPG reforms—Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization—they fundamentally altered […]
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Latin American countries have undergone significant economic transformations since the 1980s, largely influenced by the adoption of neo-liberal economic policies. These policies were promoted by international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) in response to severe debt crises, hyperinflation, and economic stagnation that
a) Neo-Liberal Economic Policies of Latin American Countries: Neo-liberal economic policies, often referred to as market-oriented reforms, were introduced in many Latin American countries during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. These policies marked a shift away from state-led, protectionist economic models toward greater reliance on market forces. Key features of neo-liberal policies in
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