Introduction
In Indian philosophy, the concept of Shakti holds a central place, particularly in the traditions of Tantra, Shaktism, and certain schools of Vedanta. Shakti, meaning “power” or “energy,” represents the dynamic, active principle of the universe. It is often personified as the Divine Mother or Goddess, symbolizing creation, preservation, and destruction.
Philosophical Meaning
Shakti is not merely physical energy but the cosmic force behind all existence. In metaphysical terms, Shakti is the manifesting power of the ultimate reality, Brahman. While Brahman is considered static and absolute, Shakti is its dynamic and creative aspect. Together, they explain the dual nature of the cosmos: the unchanging and the changing.
Personification as Goddess
Shakti is often worshipped in the form of goddesses such as Durga, Kali, Parvati, and Saraswati. These forms represent different aspects of divine power—strength, destruction of evil, nurturing, and wisdom. In Shaktism, the Goddess is the Supreme Being, and even male deities are seen as subordinate to her energy.
Role in Tantra and Yoga
In Tantric philosophy, Shakti is the kundalini energy coiled at the base of the spine. Through yogic practices, this energy is awakened and directed upward through the chakras to unite with Shiva at the crown, symbolizing spiritual liberation. Here, Shakti is the inner power of transformation and enlightenment.
Gender and Symbolism
Philosophically, Shakti represents the feminine principle but is not confined to gender roles. It symbolizes balance, interdependence, and the need for harmony between the active and passive forces. The union of Shiva (consciousness) and Shakti (energy) illustrates the completeness of being.
Conclusion
The concept of Shakti in Indian philosophy offers a rich and empowering vision of the universe as dynamic and interconnected. It emphasizes the active role of divine energy in all aspects of life and spirituality. As both metaphysical principle and divine personification, Shakti is key to understanding Indian cosmology, theology, and spiritual practice.