Introduction
The performative theory of truth is a modern approach in philosophy that focuses on how language is used to do things rather than just describe facts. In this theory, the difference between “first order assertion” and “second order assertion” is important for understanding how truth works in everyday speech. Let’s explore what these terms mean in simple language.
What is Performative Theory of Truth?
This theory suggests that saying something is true is not just about describing facts but about doing something with words — like agreeing, accepting, or affirming. For example, when you say “It is true that the Earth moves around the Sun,” you are not just describing a fact; you are also agreeing with a known truth.
First Order Assertion
A first order assertion is a direct statement about something in the world. It tells us what someone believes or claims as a fact.
Examples:
- “Water freezes at 0°C.”
- “The capital of India is New Delhi.”
These statements can be checked for truth by comparing them with reality or facts.
Second Order Assertion
A second order assertion is a statement about a first order assertion. It adds a layer of approval or judgment. In other words, it tells us that a first order statement is true or false.
Examples:
- “It is true that water freezes at 0°C.”
- “It is false that the capital of India is Mumbai.”
These statements do not just describe the world but comment on the truth of other statements.
Key Differences
| First Order Assertion | Second Order Assertion |
|---|---|
| Directly describes reality | Comments on the truth of a statement |
| Used in everyday communication | Used to approve, confirm, or reject statements |
| Factual content | Judgment about factual content |
Why is This Important?
Understanding this distinction helps us better analyze how we use language. It shows that when we call something “true,” we are not just stating a fact — we are also expressing trust, agreement, or confirmation. This is what makes the performative theory special. It connects truth to actions and communication.
Conclusion
The distinction between first order and second order assertions is important in the performative theory of truth. First order assertions describe facts, while second order assertions comment on the truth of those facts. This understanding helps us see truth not only as something we find but also something we perform through language and communication.