September 2025

Describe the initiatives of non-governmental organizations in the context of rural entrepreneurship.

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Introduction Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in promoting rural entrepreneurship in India. They act as facilitators, motivators, and implementers of development programs aimed at creating self-reliant communities. In the context of rural entrepreneurship, NGOs focus on capacity building, skill development, financial inclusion, market linkage, and empowering marginalized sections, especially women and youth. Their […]

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MRDE-003 Solved Assignment 2024-25: Land Reforms and Rural Development

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MRDE-003: Land Reforms and Rural Development – Solved Assignment 2024-25 Here are the answers to all the questions from the IGNOU MRDE-003 assignment. Each question is answered in simple, easy-to-understand language for IGNOU students. Click the links below to read each answer. Long Answer Questions Discuss the contribution of land reforms in poverty alleviation and

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Role of Pancyayati Raj Institutions in Social Development

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Introduction Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) are local self-government bodies in rural India. They play a crucial role in planning and implementing development programs at the grassroots level. Key Contributions Education and Health: PRIs manage primary schools, health centers, and sanitation. Women Empowerment: Reservations in Panchayats have brought more women into decision-making. Welfare Schemes: Implementation of

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Land Revenue System of the Marathas

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Introduction The Maratha Empire had a well-organized land revenue system which was an evolution of the earlier systems like that of Shivaji and influenced by Mughal practices. Key Features Chauth and Sardeshmukhi: Taxes collected from neighboring states (not land-based) for military protection. Revenue Survey: Detailed land measurements were conducted to assess tax fairly. Village Accountability:

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National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2003

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Introduction The National Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Policy, 2003 was introduced to protect the rights of people displaced due to development projects like dams, highways, or industries. Key Features Compensation: Fair compensation for lost land and property. Rehabilitation Grants: Assistance for housing, livelihoods, and resettlement. Focus on Vulnerable Groups: Priority to SCs, STs, and women

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Agrarian Structure in Pre-British India

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Introduction Before British rule, India’s agrarian structure was largely based on customary rights, communal ownership, and village-level governance. Land was seen as a source of livelihood and not merely property. Main Features Community Ownership: Villages often managed land collectively. Customary Tenure: Farmers had hereditary rights and rarely faced eviction. Role of Village Institutions: Panchayats managed

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Social Movements and Peasant Movements

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Introduction Social movements are collective efforts aimed at bringing social change, while peasant movements specifically focus on the rights and issues of farmers and rural workers. Key Points Examples: Champaran Satyagraha, Tebhaga Movement, Telangana Uprising. Demands: Fair rent, land ownership, end to exploitation, and agricultural support. Impact: Raised awareness, influenced land reforms, and empowered rural

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Indigo Movement (1859-60)

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Introduction The Indigo Movement of 1859-60 was a significant peasant uprising in Bengal against the forced cultivation of indigo by European planters. Farmers were exploited through unfair contracts and harsh conditions, leading to widespread resistance. Key Features Non-violent Protest: Peasants refused to grow indigo and boycotted planters. Support from Intellectuals: Bengali press and leaders supported

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