September 2025

Explain National Family Health Survey in India. Discuss its objectives, survey design, field work and its results for health care policy and programmes.

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Introduction The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is a large-scale, nationwide survey conducted in India to collect reliable information on population, health, and nutrition. It plays a key role in shaping health-related policies and programs across the country. The NFHS provides data on vital indicators like fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning, maternal and […]

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Discuss the status of elderly people in India. What are the major challenges faced by them?

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Introduction India is experiencing a rapid increase in its elderly population due to improvements in healthcare and life expectancy. As of the 2021 Census estimates, around 10% of India’s population is aged 60 years and above, and this percentage is expected to rise significantly in the coming decades. While this reflects positive progress in public

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MEDS-042 Assignment 12 Questions and Answers – Master Index

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MEDS-042 Assignment 12 – Master Index Page Below is the complete list of questions from MEDS-042 Assignment 12 along with direct links to their full answers. These answers are written in easy and simple language to support IGNOU learners in preparing their assignments effectively. What are different sources of urban energy? Explain sustainable urban energy

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Define poverty. Discuss the causes and consequences of urban poverty.

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Introduction Poverty is one of the most serious challenges faced by urban areas, especially in developing countries. Despite the growth of cities and economies, many people continue to live in poor conditions without access to basic services. Understanding the definition, causes, and consequences of urban poverty is important for developing effective solutions. This article explains

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Explain meaning and importance of urban heritage. What are challenges of urban heritage?

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Introduction Urban heritage refers to the historical, cultural, architectural, and social elements that are part of a city’s identity. This includes monuments, buildings, streets, neighborhoods, traditions, and lifestyles that reflect the city’s history and values. Preserving urban heritage is important for maintaining cultural identity, boosting tourism, and educating future generations. In this article, we will

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Describe typology of urban informal settlement. Explain causes and formation of informal settlements.

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Introduction Urban informal settlements are a common feature of rapidly growing cities, especially in developing countries like India. These are areas where people live without formal land rights, legal recognition, or access to basic services. Informal settlements are often called slums, squatter colonies, or unauthorized colonies. This article will explain the typology (types) of urban

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Explain different challenges of urban law and order. Discuss urban revitalization measures to improve law and order.

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Introduction Urban areas are often seen as centers of progress, opportunity, and development. However, they also face several challenges related to law and order. High population density, poverty, unemployment, and rapid urbanization can lead to increased crime and social unrest. Therefore, it is important to understand the challenges of urban law and order and explore

Explain different challenges of urban law and order. Discuss urban revitalization measures to improve law and order. Read More »

What are different sources of urban energy? Explain sustainable urban energy planning.

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Introduction Urban areas are centers of economic growth, infrastructure, and population, and they require large amounts of energy to function efficiently. From homes and offices to industries and transportation systems, every component of an urban setup depends on a steady and reliable supply of energy. Urban energy sources can be conventional or renewable, and there

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MEDS-041 Assignment 11 Questions and Answers – Master Index

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MEDS-041 Assignment 11 – Master Index Page Below is the complete list of questions from MEDS-041 Assignment 11 along with direct links to their full answers. These answers are written in simple and easy-to-understand language to support IGNOU students in preparing their assignments. Explain classical theories of urban development. What is city region? Explain different

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Describe objectives, functions and significance of financial management.

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Introduction Financial management is an essential function in any organization—be it a government body, business enterprise, or development agency. It involves planning, organizing, controlling, and monitoring financial resources to achieve organizational goals. Efficient financial management ensures that resources are used wisely, risks are minimized, and long-term sustainability is maintained. In this article, we will describe

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