September 2025

Distinguish between economic development and economic growth. Explain factors influencing economic development.

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Introduction Economic development and economic growth are two interrelated yet distinct concepts in the field of economics and development studies. While they are often used interchangeably, they differ in scope, focus, and impact on society. Understanding the difference between the two is essential for planning and evaluating a country’s progress. Economic Growth vs. Economic Development […]

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MDV-102 Assignment Answer Links – IGNOU 2024-25

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MDV-102: Assignment 2 – Answer Index Below are the complete answers for MDV-102: Dynamics of Development assignment for the academic year 2024–25. All answers are written in clear and easy-to-understand language as per IGNOU guidelines. Describe any two theories of change? Explain the characteristics of change? Explain the indicators for Social Development? What are the

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What do you understand by Inclusive Development? Explain the factors affecting Inclusive Development?

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Introduction Inclusive Development refers to a development process that ensures all individuals and groups, especially the marginalized, disadvantaged, and vulnerable, benefit from economic growth and social progress. Unlike traditional development models that focus only on economic output (like GDP), inclusive development aims to reduce inequality, promote equal opportunities, and enhance the well-being of every citizen.

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What are the causes of Marginalization? Explain the measures to overcome Marginalization?

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Introduction Marginalization refers to the process by which certain groups or individuals are pushed to the edges of society, limiting their access to resources, opportunities, rights, and services. These individuals or groups are often excluded from participation in social, economic, political, and cultural life. Marginalization is a major barrier to inclusive development and social equity.

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What is Violence? Explain the causes of Violence?

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Introduction Violence is a serious social issue that affects individuals, communities, and nations. It can take many forms—physical, psychological, emotional, and even structural. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines violence as “the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community.” Violence results in

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Explain the indicators for Social Development? What are the social processes of development?

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Introduction Social development refers to the process by which societies improve the well-being of their people, focusing on areas like health, education, equity, and social inclusion. Unlike purely economic development, social development emphasizes human welfare, social justice, and empowerment. It involves enhancing the quality of life, reducing poverty, and increasing opportunities for all, especially marginalized

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Describe any two theories of change? Explain the characteristics of change?

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Introduction Change is a natural and continuous process in any society or organization. In development studies, understanding the process of change helps explain how societies evolve and how planned interventions can improve social and economic outcomes. Theories of change provide a framework for understanding the mechanisms, causes, and directions of change. In this answer, we

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MDV-101 Assignment Answer Links – IGNOU 2024-25

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MDV-101: Assignment 1 – Answer Index Here are the full answers to the MDV-101 Tutor Marked Assignment for the academic year 2024–25. Each answer is written in easy-to-understand language and meets IGNOU’s expected quality and word count requirements. What is economic development? Discuss different measures of economic development. Critically discuss Solow’s growth model. What are

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What do you understand by Neo-liberalism? Discuss the basic principles of Neoliberalism.

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Introduction Neoliberalism is a modern economic and political ideology that emphasizes the value of free markets, minimal government intervention, deregulation, and privatization. Emerging strongly during the 1980s under leaders like Ronald Reagan (USA) and Margaret Thatcher (UK), neoliberalism has significantly influenced global economic policies, including those of international institutions like the IMF and World Bank.

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Discuss Ragnar Nurkse’s Theory of Balanced Growth.

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Introduction Ragnar Nurkse, an Estonian economist, is best known for his work on economic development and his theory of Balanced Growth. Introduced in the 1950s, this theory was designed to help developing countries escape the vicious cycle of poverty and underdevelopment. Nurkse believed that simultaneous investments across different sectors of the economy were necessary to

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