2025

Steps of evaluating data in qualitative research

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Steps of Evaluating Data in Qualitative Research Evaluating data in qualitative research involves a systematic and interpretive process. The key steps include: Data Organization: Transcribe interviews, group notes, and compile field observations. Coding: Identify key themes or patterns in the data through open, axial, or selective coding. Theme Development: Group codes into meaningful categories or […]

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Explain the different types of variables

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Introduction Variables are central to any research study as they represent the characteristics or attributes that researchers measure, manipulate, or observe. Understanding different types of variables is essential for designing a study, analyzing data, and interpreting results. Variables differ based on their roles in the research process, level of measurement, and their relationship with other

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Describe the various instruments used in collecting data through Survey research

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Introduction Survey research is a widely used method for collecting data in social sciences, particularly psychology. It involves asking individuals questions to obtain self-reported data on attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, or demographics. To ensure reliability and validity, researchers use specific instruments for data collection. Each instrument is chosen based on the research objectives, the population, and

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Discuss the various threats to internal and external validity

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Introduction Validity refers to the degree to which a research study accurately reflects or assesses the concept it aims to measure. In research design, two critical forms of validity are internal validity and external validity. Internal validity refers to the credibility of the causal relationship between variables within the study, while external validity concerns the

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Discuss the different types of Quasi experimental research design

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Introduction Quasi-experimental research designs are used when true experimental designs are not feasible due to ethical, practical, or logistical constraints. Unlike true experiments, quasi-experiments lack random assignment of participants to groups. However, they still involve manipulation of an independent variable and comparison of outcomes, making them valuable for studying cause-and-effect relationships in real-world settings. Types

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Describe the criteria and misconceptions of case studies

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Introduction A case study is a qualitative research method that involves an in-depth, contextual analysis of a single event, individual, group, or organization. It is commonly used in psychology, social sciences, education, and health studies. Case studies are particularly valuable when exploring complex phenomena within real-life contexts. However, despite their value, case studies are often

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Discuss the steps involved in research process

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Introduction The research process is a systematic, step-by-step approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. It forms the foundation of academic and applied inquiry across disciplines, especially in psychology and social sciences. Understanding each step is crucial for ensuring the reliability, validity, and ethical integrity

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Discuss the types, advantages, limitations and implications of Factorial research design

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Introduction A factorial research design is a type of experimental design that involves two or more independent variables (factors) and allows researchers to study the effect of each variable independently and in interaction with others. It is widely used in psychological and social research because of its ability to examine complex relationships among variables. This

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Define sampling. Discuss the different methods of sampling

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Introduction Sampling is a fundamental concept in research methodology that involves selecting a subset of individuals or elements from a larger population to represent that population in a study. Since it is often impractical or impossible to study an entire population due to constraints of time, cost, and accessibility, researchers use sampling techniques to gather

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