Critically evaluate the idea of substance in Vaisheshika School of Indian Philosophy

Critically evaluate the idea of substance in Vaisheshika School of Indian Philosophy

Introduction

The Vaisheshika school of Indian philosophy, founded by Kanada, is known for its analytical metaphysics and classification of reality. One of its central concepts is the notion of substance (Dravya), which serves as the substratum for qualities and actions.

Substance in Vaisheshika

The Vaisheshika system identifies nine types of substances: earth, water, fire, air, ether (akasha), time (kala), space (dik), self (atman), and mind (manas). Substances are considered the ontological foundation upon which qualities (guna) and actions (karma) depend. Without a substance, qualities and actions cannot exist. Substances are, therefore, independently existent entities that serve as the bearers of attributes.

Philosophical Implications

Substance in Vaisheshika is eternal and indivisible, especially in the case of atoms (paramanu), which constitute material objects. These atoms are considered eternal but combine to form transient objects. The self is also a substance, endowed with consciousness and qualities such as desire and volition.

Critical Evaluation

While the Vaisheshika model is detailed and systematic, it faces criticism. For example, its belief in eternal, indivisible atoms is challenged by modern physics. Moreover, the dual treatment of substances as both material and immaterial (like mind and self) leads to debates regarding their interaction and empirical verifiability.

Conclusion

The idea of substance in Vaisheshika is foundational to Indian metaphysical thought. Though sophisticated and influential, it raises questions when assessed through contemporary scientific and philosophical lenses.