Introduction
The revolutionary nationalists in India during the 1920s and 1930s played a significant role in intensifying the struggle against British colonial rule. Unlike the moderate and Gandhian streams of nationalism, revolutionary nationalists believed in direct action, including the use of armed resistance and political violence, to overthrow colonialism. This period saw a resurgence in revolutionary activities, largely driven by disillusionment with the limitations of constitutional politics and non-violent methods.
1. Background and Emergence
The early 1920s were marked by the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement following the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922. The sudden end to mass mobilization created frustration among many young nationalists who sought a more aggressive approach to achieving independence. This disillusionment led to the resurgence of underground revolutionary groups.
2. Ideological Foundations
Inspiration from Global Revolutions
Many revolutionary nationalists were inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1917, Irish struggle for independence, and other global anti-imperialist movements. They believed in the power of armed struggle and revolutionary change.
Socialism and Anti-Imperialism
By the 1930s, socialism became a dominant ideological force among revolutionaries. Leaders like Bhagat Singh and his comrades moved beyond anti-British sentiment to envision a socialist India based on equality, justice, and workers’ rights.
3. Key Revolutionary Groups
Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)
Formed in 1924 by Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, and others, the HRA aimed to organize armed struggle against the British. The Kakori Train Robbery of 1925 was one of their notable actions, carried out to fund revolutionary activities.
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)
In 1928, the HRA was reorganized as the HSRA with leaders like Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, and Sukhdev. The group combined revolutionary tactics with socialist ideology. They declared that their goal was not just to end British rule but to establish a socialist republic.
4. Major Revolutionary Activities
Assassination of Saunders (1928)
In retaliation for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai during a protest against the Simon Commission, Bhagat Singh and Rajguru assassinated British officer J.P. Saunders in Lahore.
Central Legislative Assembly Bombing (1929)
Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs in the Assembly chamber to protest against repressive laws. They deliberately chose a time when no one would be harmed. Their aim was to make the deaf British government hear the voice of revolution.
Chandrashekhar Azad’s Resistance
Azad continued underground operations after the arrest of his comrades. He died in a police encounter in 1931 in Allahabad, refusing to be captured alive.
5. Role of Women
Revolutionary nationalism also saw the participation of women like Kalpana Dutta, Preetilata Waddedar, and Durga Bhabhi. Their involvement challenged traditional gender roles and highlighted the inclusive nature of the revolutionary struggle.
6. Influence and Legacy
The revolutionary movement had a profound psychological impact on the Indian freedom struggle. Though it did not succeed in militarily overthrowing the British, it inspired a sense of fearlessness and urgency among the youth. The martyrdom of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru became rallying points for future mass movements.
7. Shift Towards Mass Politics
By the mid-1930s, many former revolutionaries joined mainstream politics, especially the Congress Socialist Party. They realized the need for mass mobilization alongside ideological clarity to achieve lasting change.
Conclusion
The revolutionary nationalists of the 1920s and 1930s were driven by courage, sacrifice, and an unwavering commitment to freedom. Their blend of radical action and visionary ideology added a powerful dimension to India’s national movement. Their legacy continues to inspire generations as a symbol of fearless resistance and patriotic fervor.