Sramana Tradition
The Sramana tradition refers to a non-Vedic spiritual movement in ancient India that includes Buddhism, Jainism, and other ascetic paths. The word “Sramana” means “one who strives” or “seeker,” particularly someone who renounces worldly life to attain spiritual liberation through ethical discipline and meditation.
Unlike the orthodox Brahmanical tradition that emphasized rituals, caste, and the Vedas, the Sramana paths focused on individual moral effort, non-violence, and social equality. This made them highly appealing to marginalized communities, including Dalits. These traditions rejected the authority of the Brahmins and the rigid caste hierarchy, offering instead a spiritual path open to all regardless of birth.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar drew inspiration from the Sramana tradition, particularly Buddhism, for its emphasis on rationality, compassion, and equality. By embracing the Sramana path, Dalit philosophy aligns itself with ancient roots of resistance to caste and orthodoxy. The tradition promotes a worldview that values human dignity and liberation over ritual status, making it central to the Dalit philosophical awakening.