Introduction The origin of the state has been explained by different theories. Two of the most influential are the Social Contract Theory and the Marxian Theory. The social contract theory emphasizes the voluntary agreement of individuals to form a state for security and order, while the Marxian theory sees the state as a product of […]
Introduction The comparative method is one of the most important tools in political science. It involves comparing political systems, institutions, processes, and behavior across countries to identify patterns, similarities, and differences. By doing so, scholars gain insights into how politics functions in different contexts. However, while the comparative method is valuable, it also faces certain
Introduction Inter-state displacement refers to the movement of people from one state to another within a country, often due to conflict, violence, natural disasters, or development projects. Unlike international migration, inter-state displacement happens within national borders but still creates serious humanitarian, social, and political challenges. In this short note, we will discuss the meaning, causes,
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Introduction Media plays a vital role in shaping international culture in the modern world. With the spread of television, cinema, internet, and social media, cultural ideas and values travel quickly across borders. Media not only entertains but also influences how people think, behave, and interact globally. In this short note, we will explain how media
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Introduction Identity politics refers to political movements and actions that are based on the shared identity of a group, such as race, gender, religion, ethnicity, or sexuality. Instead of focusing only on broad national or class-based interests, identity politics emphasizes the specific needs and rights of marginalized or oppressed groups. In this short note, we
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Introduction Globalisation is one of the defining features of the modern world. It refers to the growing interconnectedness and interdependence among countries through trade, technology, culture, and communication. Globalisation has transformed international relations, economics, and everyday life. In this short note, we will explain its meaning, features, and impact. Meaning of Globalisation Globalisation can be
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Introduction The term New Cold War is often used by scholars and analysts to describe rising tensions between major powers in the 21st century, similar to the rivalry between the USA and USSR during the original Cold War (1947–1991). While the old Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union, new forms of
Introduction Feminism in International Relations (IR) is an approach that highlights the importance of gender in understanding global politics. Traditional theories like Realism and Liberalism often ignored the role of women and gender relations in international affairs. Feminist scholars argue that international politics is not gender-neutral and that issues of power, security, and conflict must
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Introduction Hegemony is an important concept in International Relations. It refers to the dominance of one state or group of states over others, not only through military and economic power but also through cultural and ideological influence. Hegemony explains how powerful states maintain leadership and control in the international system. In this answer, we will
Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most transformative technologies of the 21st century. It refers to machines and computer systems that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence, such as problem-solving, learning, and decision-making. AI has growing importance in International Relations because it affects global politics, economics, security, and diplomacy. In this answer, we
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