Introduction Ontological certitude refers to a firm and unquestionable certainty about the existence of oneself or reality. The word “ontology” means the study of being or existence, and “certitude” means being absolutely certain. Philosophers use this concept to explain the deep, foundational kind of knowledge we have — especially about our own existence. Origin of […]
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Introduction Paul Ricoeur was a well-known French philosopher who made important contributions to the field of hermeneutics — the art and science of interpretation. Originally, hermeneutics was used to interpret religious texts like the Bible, but Ricoeur expanded its use to include literature, history, and even everyday communication. His ideas helped many people understand how
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Introduction In philosophy, understanding what knowledge is has been a central concern for centuries. One well-known definition is “Justified True Belief” (JTB). According to this view, a person knows something if three conditions are met: the belief must be true, the person must believe it, and there must be justification for the belief. This essay
Introduction Nyaya Philosophy, one of the classical schools of Indian philosophy, is well-known for its detailed focus on logic and epistemology. In this system, language plays a very important role in the process of gaining knowledge. According to Nyaya, for any sentence to be meaningful and convey knowledge, it must meet specific conditions. These conditions
Introduction to Mimamsa and Knowledge The Mimamsa school of Indian philosophy is known for its deep study of the Vedas and its focus on rituals and duties. One of the key areas Mimamsa explores is epistemology, or the study of how we gain knowledge. In this context, Mimamsa includes a special means of knowledge called
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Introduction to Apaurusheyata The term Apaurusheyata comes from the Sanskrit words “a” (not), “purusha” (person), and “eyata” (authored). So, Apaurusheyata means “not created by any person” or “authorless.” In the context of Indian philosophy, especially in the Mimamsa school, it refers to the idea that the Vedas are eternal and not created by any human
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Introduction to Anyathakhyativada Anyathakhyativada is a theory of error or misperception in Indian philosophy, specifically proposed by the Nyaya school. The term comes from Sanskrit words — “anyatha” means “other than” or “wrong,” “khyati” means “perception” or “apprehension,” and “vada” means “theory.” So, Anyathakhyativada is the theory that explains how we sometimes perceive things incorrectly,
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