Introduction Absurdity is a key concept in existentialist philosophy, especially in the works of Albert Camus. It describes the conflict between humans’ search for meaning and the indifferent, chaotic universe that offers no clear answers. Understanding Absurdity Human Desire for Meaning: People naturally seek purpose and order in life. Silent Universe: The universe, however, does […]
Introduction Facticity is an existentialist term used to describe the concrete details of human existence that are beyond our control. It includes aspects like birth, gender, family, and past experiences — all the facts that define our starting point in life. Key Features Given Conditions: Facticity refers to the unchangeable conditions that shape our existence.
Introduction “Animal Symbolicum” is a term introduced by philosopher Ernst Cassirer to describe human beings as symbol-making and symbol-using creatures. It highlights the unique human capacity to create meaning through language, art, myth, and culture. Key Ideas Symbolic Thought: Humans understand the world through symbols, not just sensory perception. Culture: Human culture is built on
Introduction Cartesian dualism is a theory proposed by René Descartes that divides reality into two distinct substances: mind and body. It is one of the most influential ideas in Western philosophy regarding the nature of human beings. Mind-Body Distinction Mind: A non-material, thinking substance responsible for consciousness, reasoning, and emotions. Body: A material substance governed
Introduction The butterfly effect is a concept from chaos theory that illustrates how small changes in initial conditions can lead to vastly different outcomes. It symbolizes the unpredictability and interconnectedness of complex systems. Meaning The term comes from the idea that a butterfly flapping its wings in one part of the world could eventually cause
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Introduction The categorical imperative is a key concept in the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. It represents a universal moral law that applies to all rational beings and guides ethical behavior. Definition The categorical imperative is a command that must be followed regardless of desires or outcomes. It is based on reason and duty, not
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Introduction Dark energy is a mysterious force in cosmology believed to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. Though it cannot be directly observed, its effects are seen in the way galaxies move apart. What is Dark Energy? It is a form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase
Introduction Gabriel Marcel, a French existentialist philosopher, introduced the concept of “availability” (disponibilité) as part of his understanding of human relationships and existence. It represents a deep openness and readiness to be present to others in a meaningful and committed way. Key Features of Availability Presence over Use: Marcel distinguishes between “being” and “having.” Availability
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Introduction Chaos theory is a concept from mathematics and physics that has deep philosophical implications. It studies systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions, where small changes can lead to vastly different outcomes. This has led philosophers to rethink concepts such as determinism, predictability, and order in nature. Core Ideas of Chaos Theory Non-linearity:
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Introduction The statement “Animal identity is preserved in identity of life, and not of substance” brings attention to the nature of identity in living organisms. It suggests that what makes an animal the same over time is not the physical material it is made of, but the continuity of life and biological processes. Understanding the
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