Levels-of-Processing Model The levels-of-processing model, proposed by Craik and Lockhart in 1972, suggests that memory retention depends on the depth of processing. Deeper, semantic processing leads to stronger, long-lasting memory, while shallow, surface-level processing results in weaker memory. It emphasizes how information is encoded over where it is stored.
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Introduction The Connectionist model of memory, developed by David Rumelhart and James McClelland in the 1980s, marked a significant shift in how psychologists understand memory and cognition. Also known as the Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model, it challenged earlier linear and modular theories of memory by proposing that cognitive processes emerge from complex networks of
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Introduction The stage model of memory, also known as the multi-store model, was proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968. This influential model describes how information flows through three distinct stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Each stage is responsible for different aspects of memory processing, including
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