Narrative Therapy Narrative therapy is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on the stories people tell about their lives. It views individuals as separate from their problems and encourages them to re-author their life narratives in empowering ways. The therapist helps clients explore alternative stories that reflect their strengths and values.
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Ego Defense Mechanisms Ego defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by individuals to protect themselves from anxiety or distressing thoughts. Examples include denial, repression, projection, and rationalization. These mechanisms help maintain emotional stability but may distort reality and hinder emotional growth if overused. They play a key role in psychodynamic theory.
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Tell-Me-A-Story Test The Tell-Me-A-Story (TEMAS) Test is a projective technique developed to assess personality, emotional functioning, and social development in children and adolescents. It presents culturally relevant pictures and asks the child to create a story. It helps uncover unconscious thoughts, conflicts, and coping styles, and is widely used in clinical child assessment.
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Edwards Personal Preference Schedule The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) is a self-report inventory designed to assess 15 personality needs based on Murray’s theory. It measures needs like achievement, affiliation, autonomy, and dominance. The test uses forced-choice pairs to reduce social desirability bias. It is commonly used in counseling, career guidance, and personality assessment.
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Types of Projective Techniques Projective techniques are used to explore unconscious thoughts, motives, and emotions. Common types include: (1) Inkblot Tests (e.g., Rorschach), (2) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), (3) Sentence Completion Tests, (4) Word Association Tests, and (5) Drawing Tests like Draw-a-Person. These tools help uncover hidden conflicts and personality dynamics.
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Uses of Neuropsychological Assessment Neuropsychological assessment is used to evaluate brain-behavior relationships and cognitive functioning. It helps diagnose brain injuries, dementia, learning disabilities, ADHD, and neurological disorders. These assessments guide treatment planning, rehabilitation, educational accommodations, and legal decisions. They are also used in tracking cognitive changes over time and assessing the effects of interventions.
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Reliability and Validity of Rorschach Scores The Rorschach Inkblot Test’s reliability and validity have been widely debated. Modern scoring systems like the Exner Comprehensive System have improved its reliability through standardized procedures. While inter-rater reliability is moderate to high, validity depends on proper interpretation. It shows good utility in assessing personality structure and thought disorders.
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Stanford-Binet Scale The Stanford-Binet Scale is a standardized intelligence test used to measure cognitive abilities across age groups. It evaluates five factors: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory. Originally developed by Alfred Binet and revised at Stanford University, it is widely used for IQ testing and educational planning.
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Wisconsin Card Sort Test The Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) is a neuropsychological test that assesses executive functions such as abstract thinking, cognitive flexibility, and problem-solving. Participants sort cards based on changing rules of color, shape, or number. It is widely used to evaluate frontal lobe functioning, especially in patients with brain injuries or schizophrenia.
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APA Ethical Principles The American Psychological Association (APA) outlines five main ethical principles: (1) Beneficence and Nonmaleficence, (2) Fidelity and Responsibility, (3) Integrity, (4) Justice, and (5) Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity. These principles guide psychologists in maintaining professionalism, protecting clients’ rights, and ensuring ethical conduct in research, assessment, and therapy.
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