2025

To what extent geographical regions determined the agricultural map of India.

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Introduction Geographical regions have played a critical role in shaping the agricultural map of India since ancient times. India’s vast and varied topography, diverse climatic zones, soil types, and water availability have led to the development of region-specific agricultural systems. From the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains to the arid Deccan plateau, agriculture in India evolved in […]

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Account for the recent trends in the economic history writings of Ancient India.

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Introduction The economic history of Ancient India has undergone a significant transformation in recent decades. Earlier narratives were often shaped by colonial interpretations, orientalist biases, and a limited reliance on textual sources. However, recent trends show a multi-disciplinary approach that combines archaeology, environmental studies, anthropology, numismatics, and textual criticism. This has allowed historians to reconstruct

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Customary Rights of Forest-Dwellers

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Introduction Customary rights of forest-dwellers refer to the traditional rights and practices of indigenous and tribal communities over forest land and resources. These rights include grazing, collecting firewood, hunting, and gathering minor forest produce. Under British colonial rule, these customary rights came under serious threat due to the imposition of forest laws and commercialization of

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Critically examine recent arguments pertaining to drain of wealth.

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Introduction The concept of the “drain of wealth” from India to Britain during colonial rule has been a critical subject in the study of India’s economic history. Originally advanced by thinkers like Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C. Dutt, and later supported by nationalist economists, the theory highlighted how colonial policies led to the systematic transfer of Indian

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‘The eighteenth century was a century of universal decline.’ Comment.

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Introduction The eighteenth century in Indian history is often debated among historians as a time of widespread decline or a period of transformation. While traditional interpretations argue that the century was marked by decay and disruption across political, economic, and social spheres, recent studies challenge this narrative. In this post, we critically examine the idea

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Discuss the process of state formation of the Rajputs

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The process of state formation among the Rajputs is a significant chapter in the medieval history of India. It spanned from the 7th century CE onwards and represents a complex interplay of political fragmentation, clan consolidation, regional assertion, and socio-religious legitimation. The Rajput polities emerged primarily in north-western India, including Rajasthan, parts of Gujarat, central

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Discuss the nature of state formation of the Vijaynagara kingdom

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The Vijayanagara kingdom, founded in 1336 CE by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, stands as one of the most significant and enduring state formations in South Indian history. Its emergence marked a powerful response to the fragmentation and foreign invasions that followed the decline of the Hoysalas and Cholas. The

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Comment on the state during the Chola times

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The Chola Empire, which reached its zenith between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, is celebrated for its well-organized state apparatus, administrative sophistication, and cultural richness. Emerging from the Tamil heartland, the Cholas not only established a powerful state structure in South India but also extended their influence to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. The

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Discuss the administration of the state during the Pandyan times

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The Pandyan kingdom, one of the oldest and most enduring dynasties of South India, had a remarkably structured and efficient system of administration. Flourishing from ancient times and reaching its zenith between the 13th and 14th centuries CE during the Later Pandyas, the dynasty’s capital at Madurai became a prominent center of culture, trade, and

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What was the nature of the Mughal administration? Discuss.

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Introduction The Mughal administration was one of the most organized and centralized systems in medieval Indian history. The Mughals, who ruled a vast empire from the early 16th to the mid-18th century, created a strong bureaucratic structure that allowed them to govern efficiently. The administration combined Persian, Islamic, and Indian traditions and was notable for

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