2025

(i) Human Trafficking, Gender, and Environmental Issues Introduction Human trafficking is a global crime that exploits men, women, and children for forced labor, sexual slavery, and illegal trade. It is deeply linked to gender inequality and environmental crises, as marginalized communities are most vulnerable. A. Human Trafficking and Gender Discrimination B. Link Between Human Trafficking […]

(i) Gandhian Vision of Human Security at the Global Level Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of human security was based on nonviolence (Ahimsa), self-reliance (Swaraj), and justice (Sarvodaya). Unlike modern security concepts, which focus on military strength and state power, Gandhi’s approach emphasized peace, economic equality, human dignity, and environmental sustainability at the global level. A.

(i) Marginalization of Women in India Introduction Marginalization of women refers to the exclusion and discrimination faced by women in social, economic, and political spheres. Despite legal protections and progress in gender equality, women in India continue to face inequality in education, employment, health, and political representation. Marginalization affects women from marginalized castes, rural areas,

(i) Poverty Eradication in India Introduction Poverty remains one of India’s biggest socio-economic challenges, affecting millions of people despite economic growth. The Indian government has launched various poverty eradication programs focusing on employment, food security, education, and rural development. The goal is to reduce poverty by improving living standards, increasing income opportunities, and providing social

Introduction The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) is one of the largest government welfare programs in India, launched in 1975. It aims to provide nutrition, healthcare, education, and early childhood development services to children under six years of age, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. This essay examines the various initiatives under ICDS, highlighting how the

Introduction The United Nations Millennium Report (2002) was a landmark document that emphasized human security as a fundamental global priority. It recognized that security is not just about military defense but also includes freedom from poverty, disease, human rights violations, and environmental degradation. The report, presented by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, laid the foundation for

Introduction External interventions refer to actions taken by foreign governments, international organizations, or multinational corporations in another country’s affairs. These interventions can be political, economic, humanitarian, or military, and they often impact environmental, food, and economic security. While external interventions can bring financial aid, infrastructure development, and technological advancements, they can also lead to exploitation,

Introduction Terrorism is a form of political violence used by non-state actors to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals. It is considered asymmetrical warfare because it involves unequal power dynamics, where weaker groups use unconventional tactics against stronger state forces. Unlike traditional warfare, terrorism relies on fear, surprise attacks, and targeting civilians to influence governments

Introduction South Asia, home to over 1.9 billion people, has witnessed various forms of political violence, including ethnic conflicts, religious extremism, separatist movements, and terrorism. The region’s historical rivalries, colonial legacies, socio-economic disparities, and weak governance structures have contributed to ongoing instability. One of the most affected countries in South Asia is Pakistan, where multiple

(i) India’s Role in Afghan Reconstruction Introduction After the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001, Afghanistan faced political instability, economic collapse, and infrastructure destruction. India has played a significant role in the reconstruction of Afghanistan, focusing on infrastructure, education, healthcare, and diplomatic support. India’s assistance is based on its “Neighbourhood First” policy and aims