2025

10. a) Pattern of Industrialization in Indian States Introduction Industrialization in India has followed an uneven and regionally diverse pattern due to historical, geographical, and policy factors. While some states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka have emerged as industrial powerhouses, others like Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha lag behind due to inadequate infrastructure and […]

a) Dalit Panther Movement Introduction The Dalit Panther Movement was a radical Dalit rights movement that emerged in Maharashtra in 1972. Inspired by the Black Panther Movement in the USA, it aimed to fight caste oppression, untouchability, and social injustice against Dalits. The movement became a significant force in the 1970s, advocating for Dalit dignity,

a) The Impact of the Zamindari Abolition on the Agrarian Structure Introduction The Zamindari Abolition Acts were introduced after India’s independence to eliminate the feudal land tenure system and redistribute land among peasants. The abolition of the Zamindari system was a major land reform aimed at reducing landlord dominance and empowering farmers. However, while it

7. a) Electoral Reforms Introduction Electoral reforms in India are necessary to ensure free, fair, and transparent elections. India, being the world’s largest democracy, has faced several challenges, such as money power, criminalization of politics, voter fraud, and electoral malpractices. Over the years, various electoral reforms have been introduced to strengthen the democratic process and

6. a) Decline of the Congress System Introduction The Congress Party dominated Indian politics from 1947 to the late 1960s, a period known as the “Congress System”, coined by Rajni Kothari. However, after its peak in the 1950s and early 1960s, the party began to decline due to internal conflicts, regional aspirations, economic issues, and

Introduction The Green Revolution in India was a period of agricultural transformation that began in the 1960s, aimed at increasing food production through the use of high-yield variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and improved irrigation techniques. Led by scientists like M.S. Swaminathan and supported by the government, the Green Revolution significantly increased agricultural productivity

Introduction India follows a quasi-federal system, where power is distributed between the Union (Central Government) and the States. However, over time, various Constitutional Amendments have reshaped this relationship, altering the balance of power. Some amendments have strengthened the Union government’s role, while others have given states more autonomy. The evolution of Union-State relations has been

Introduction India is a diverse country with significant regional disparities in economic, social, and infrastructural development. These disparities exist between different states, rural and urban areas, and even within districts. Regional imbalances have been a persistent issue since independence and have influenced policy-making, politics, and social stability. The causes of these disparities are multifaceted, ranging

Introduction The Naxalite movement in India is one of the longest-running insurgencies in the country. It originated in the late 1960s as a radical left-wing movement inspired by Maoist ideology. The movement primarily seeks to address issues related to land reforms, economic disparity, and the oppression of marginalized communities, particularly tribals and landless laborers. Over

Politics of Water Disputes Among Indian States and Their Impact Introduction Water disputes in India have been a longstanding issue due to the country’s federal structure, where rivers often flow through multiple states. The unequal distribution of water resources, growing demand, and political interests have resulted in frequent conflicts among states. These disputes significantly impact