2025

Write a note on the concept of time and space in Kant’s philosophy.

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Introduction Immanuel Kant, in his seminal work Critique of Pure Reason, introduced a revolutionary understanding of time and space as a priori forms of human intuition. According to Kant, these are not empirical concepts derived from experience, but preconditions for any possible experience. Time and Space as Forms of Intuition Kant argued that space is […]

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Examine the thesis that ‘Man is the measure of all things’.

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Introduction The phrase “Man is the measure of all things” is attributed to the ancient Greek philosopher Protagoras. It is one of the earliest expressions of relativism in Western philosophy, implying that truth and value are dependent on individual perception or human perspective. Meaning of the Thesis This statement means that each individual’s perception is

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Write a short essay on Private-Language Argument of Wittgenstein.

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Introduction The Private-Language Argument is one of the most influential ideas in the later philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, particularly in his work “Philosophical Investigations.” It challenges the notion that a language understandable by only a single individual is logically possible. The Core Idea Wittgenstein questions whether it is possible to have a language whose terms

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What are the arguments provided by St. Augustine to prove the existence of God?

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Introduction St. Augustine of Hippo, one of the most influential early Christian philosophers, provided several arguments for the existence of God based on introspection, order, and divine illumination. His approach combined theology with Neoplatonist philosophy to establish a rational foundation for faith. 1. Argument from Eternal Truths Augustine argued that certain truths, like mathematical principles

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What is pure phenomenology? Explain.

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Introduction Pure Phenomenology is a philosophical method and discipline founded by Edmund Husserl. It aims to describe experiences as they are lived, in their purest form, without assumptions or preconceived notions. It is distinct from empirical psychology or natural sciences in its focus on the structures of consciousness itself. Essence of Phenomenology Husserl introduced the

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Write an essay on the Don Scotus’s conception of God.

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Introduction John Duns Scotus, a medieval philosopher and theologian, made significant contributions to metaphysics and theology. His conception of God reflects both scholastic rigor and a distinct philosophical approach. Scotus’s theology attempts to reconcile reason with faith and gives a nuanced account of God’s nature and attributes. God as Infinite Being For Scotus, God is

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What is the theory of Innate Ideas? What are the objections raised by Locke against this theory?

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Introduction The theory of innate ideas suggests that certain ideas or principles are hardwired into the human mind at birth. These ideas are not derived from experience but are considered universal and inborn. Philosophers like Plato and Descartes advocated for this theory, asserting that ideas such as mathematical truths or concepts of God are present

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Write a note on the sense-reference problem in the light of Frege’s philosophy.

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Introduction The sense-reference distinction, introduced by German philosopher Gottlob Frege, is one of the most influential ideas in the philosophy of language. This distinction aims to resolve issues related to meaning, identity, and reference in language. Frege’s Theory Frege argued that a complete understanding of meaning must distinguish between two aspects of a term: Sense

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Compare Socrates’, Marx’s and Hegel’s dialectic method.

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Introduction The dialectic method is a philosophical approach involving dialogue, contradiction, and the search for truth through reasoned argument. It has evolved over time with significant contributions from Socrates, Hegel, and Marx, each adapting it to their respective worldviews and historical contexts. Socrates’ Dialectic Socrates used the dialectic method in the form of dialogues, primarily

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Write a note on the notion of causality. How does David Hume challenge the notion of causality?

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Introduction Causality, or the principle of cause and effect, is a foundational concept in philosophy and science. It refers to the idea that every event has a cause which produces it, and this relation is essential to predictability and understanding in both metaphysical and empirical frameworks. However, the Scottish philosopher David Hume challenged the traditional

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