Mussar Movement
The Mussar Movement emerged in 19th-century Lithuania within Orthodox Judaism. It emphasized personal ethics, self-discipline, and character refinement through study and introspection.
Founded by Rabbi Israel Salanter, the movement encouraged Jews to focus not just on rituals but also on inner moral development. Practices included regular study of ethical texts, meditation, and exercises in humility, patience, and compassion. It played a vital role in modern Jewish moral thought.