(i) National Food Security Act (NFSA, 2013)
Introduction
The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, also known as the Right to Food Act, aims to provide subsidized food grains to the poor and ensure food security for all citizens of India. It is one of the world’s largest social welfare programs, benefiting over 67% of India’s population.
A. Key Features of the National Food Security Act
- Coverage and Eligibility
- 75% of rural and 50% of urban populations are eligible for food grains at subsidized prices.
- Prioritizes economically weaker sections (EWS), women, and children.
- Subsidized Food Distribution
- 5 kg of food grains per person per month at:
- ₹3 per kg for rice
- ₹2 per kg for wheat
- ₹1 per kg for coarse grains
- Families covered under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) receive 35 kg of food grains per month.
- 5 kg of food grains per person per month at:
- Maternity Benefits and Child Nutrition
- Pregnant women and lactating mothers receive ₹6,000 assistance and free meals.
- Children (6 months–14 years) get nutritious meals through Anganwadis and mid-day meal programs.
- Women’s Empowerment
- Eldest woman (18 years or older) in the household is recognized as the head of the family for ration card benefits.
B. Benefits and Achievements of NFSA
| Impact | Outcome |
|---|---|
| Food Security | Reduced hunger levels among poor families. |
| Nutritional Improvement | Better nutrition for children and pregnant women. |
| Women’s Empowerment | Women-led ration card system strengthens decision-making. |
C. Challenges in Implementation
| Challenge | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Leakages in Public Distribution System (PDS) | Corruption and black market selling of grains. |
| Exclusion Errors | Many poor families do not receive benefits due to documentation issues. |
| Storage and Transport Issues | Poor infrastructure leads to food wastage. |
D. Conclusion
The National Food Security Act (NFSA) is a crucial step toward eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India. Strengthening distribution networks, reducing corruption, and improving awareness can enhance its effectiveness.
(ii) Gandhian Precepts for International Cooperation
Introduction
Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of international cooperation was based on nonviolence (Ahimsa), truth (Satya), and universal brotherhood. He believed that nations should resolve conflicts through dialogue, mutual respect, and economic self-reliance rather than war or exploitation.
A. Key Principles of Gandhian International Cooperation
- Ahimsa (Nonviolence) and Peace Diplomacy
- Conflicts should be resolved through negotiation and moral persuasion rather than violence.
- Example: Gandhi’s Salt March (1930) was a peaceful protest against colonial injustice.
- Swaraj (Self-Reliance) in Global Trade
- Nations should produce locally and avoid economic dependency.
- Example: The Khadi movement promoted self-reliance and rejection of British goods.
- Sarvodaya (Welfare of All) and Global Justice
- Cooperation should benefit all nations, not just powerful countries.
- Example: Gandhi opposed Western imperialism and supported anti-colonial movements in Africa and Asia.
- Religious Harmony and Cultural Exchange
- Gandhi promoted interfaith dialogue and respect for different cultures.
- Example: He worked for Hindu-Muslim unity during India’s independence struggle.
B. Gandhian Principles in Modern International Relations
| Global Issue | Gandhian Approach |
|---|---|
| Wars and Military Conflicts | Promote diplomacy, mediation, and disarmament. |
| Economic Exploitation | Encourage fair trade and ethical business practices. |
| Climate Change and Environmental Crises | Advocate for sustainable living and minimalism. |
C. Challenges to Gandhian Internationalism
| Challenge | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Geopolitical Rivalries | Nations prioritize their self-interest over global peace. |
| Economic Globalization | Large corporations control world trade, limiting self-reliance. |
| Religious and Cultural Divides | Extremist ideologies create divisions. |
D. Conclusion
Gandhi’s principles of nonviolence, self-reliance, and global justice remain relevant for solving international conflicts, promoting fair trade, and ensuring sustainable development. If applied globally, his vision could lead to a more harmonious and just world.
Final Thoughts
Both food security and international cooperation are essential for human well-being and global peace. While the NFSA ensures food access for India’s poor, Gandhi’s philosophy guides ethical international relations. Stronger governance, accountability, and global partnerships can enhance both efforts.
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