Introduction The Chola dynasty, which ruled significant parts of South India between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, represents one of the most powerful and enduring political structures in Indian history. The Chola state is especially noted for its centralized administration, extensive temple economy, maritime trade networks, and sophisticated village self-governance. In this essay, we […]
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Introduction The Vijayanagara kingdom, which thrived in South India between the 14th and 17th centuries, represents one of the most enduring and sophisticated examples of state formation in Indian history. Founded in 1336 CE by Harihara and Bukka of the Sangama dynasty, the kingdom emerged as a powerful political and cultural entity. Its ability to
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The Vijayanagara kingdom, founded in 1336 CE by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, stands as one of the most significant and enduring state formations in South Indian history. Its emergence marked a powerful response to the fragmentation and foreign invasions that followed the decline of the Hoysalas and Cholas. The
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The Chola Empire, which reached its zenith between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, is celebrated for its well-organized state apparatus, administrative sophistication, and cultural richness. Emerging from the Tamil heartland, the Cholas not only established a powerful state structure in South India but also extended their influence to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. The
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