(i) Gandhi’s Concept of Individual Autonomy Introduction Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of individual autonomy is deeply rooted in his ideas of Swaraj (self-rule), self-sufficiency, truth (Satya), and nonviolence (Ahimsa). He believed that true freedom was not just political independence but also personal empowerment, where individuals governed their own lives based on ethical and moral values. Gandhi’s […]
1. Introduction Fascism and racialism are closely interconnected political ideologies that have historically shaped authoritarian regimes and justified oppression. While fascism is an extreme right-wing political ideology that emphasizes authoritarian rule, nationalism, and suppression of opposition, racialism is the belief that some races are inherently superior to others. Historically, fascist regimes have used racialism as
5. Examine the Crucial Links Between Fascism and Racialism Read More »
Introduction Mahatma Gandhi was a strong critic of centralized power and authority, believing that it led to corruption, inefficiency, and exploitation. He argued that power should be decentralized and distributed among the people to ensure a just and democratic society. His concept of “Swaraj” (self-rule) emphasized village-based governance and local autonomy, where decisions were made
Introduction Mahatma Gandhi believed that economic equality was essential for achieving true independence and a just society. He argued that political freedom alone was not enough—without economic justice, real independence would remain an illusion. For Gandhi, non-violent independence (Swaraj) was not just about ending colonial rule but also about ensuring that wealth and resources were
Introduction Mahatma Gandhi strongly believed in the ethical relationship between ends (goals) and means (methods used to achieve goals). He rejected the idea that “the end justifies the means,” arguing instead that moral and just means are essential to achieving peaceful and sustainable resolutions to conflicts. For Gandhi, violence, deceit, and unethical means could never
Introduction Mahatma Gandhi was one of the most vocal critics of modern industrialization, which he saw as exploitative, dehumanizing, and environmentally destructive. His opposition to large-scale industries was based on his vision of self-reliant villages, decentralized economies, and sustainable living. Gandhi believed that industrialization led to economic disparity, mass unemployment, environmental destruction, and moral degradation.
1. Analyze Gandhi’s Critique of the Process of Industrialization. Read More »
(i) Chilka Bachao Andolan and Chipko Movement A. Chilka Bachao Andolan (Save Chilka Movement) Introduction The Chilka Bachao Andolan was a mass environmental movement aimed at protecting Chilka Lake, India’s largest coastal lagoon, from ecological degradation due to commercial prawn farming. Key Issues Protests and Impact B. Chipko Movement (1973) Introduction The Chipko Movement (hug-the-trees
1. Introduction Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are independent, non-profit entities that work toward social, environmental, humanitarian, and economic development without direct control by governments. NGOs play a critical role in advocacy, public policy, disaster relief, environmental protection, and human rights. They function at local, national, and international levels, collaborating with governments, private entities, and civil society
Introduction South Asia is one of the most environmentally vulnerable regions in the world due to rapid industrialization, deforestation, climate change, and poor environmental governance. The region is home to diverse ecosystems, including Himalayan glaciers, tropical forests, and coastal areas, all of which face severe environmental challenges. Among South Asian nations, Sri Lanka has its
1. Five Multilateral Agreements Related to Transnational Air Pollution Transnational air pollution occurs when pollutants travel across national borders, affecting global air quality, climate, and ecosystems. To address this, several multilateral agreements have been established. A. Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) – 1979 B. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
