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‘The eighteenth century was a century of universal decline.’ Comment.

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Introduction The eighteenth century in Indian history is often debated among historians as a time of widespread decline or a period of transformation. While traditional interpretations argue that the century was marked by decay and disruption across political, economic, and social spheres, recent studies challenge this narrative. In this post, we critically examine the idea […]

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Discuss the process of state formation of the Rajputs

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The process of state formation among the Rajputs is a significant chapter in the medieval history of India. It spanned from the 7th century CE onwards and represents a complex interplay of political fragmentation, clan consolidation, regional assertion, and socio-religious legitimation. The Rajput polities emerged primarily in north-western India, including Rajasthan, parts of Gujarat, central

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Discuss the nature of state formation of the Vijaynagara kingdom

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The Vijayanagara kingdom, founded in 1336 CE by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, stands as one of the most significant and enduring state formations in South Indian history. Its emergence marked a powerful response to the fragmentation and foreign invasions that followed the decline of the Hoysalas and Cholas. The

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Comment on the state during the Chola times

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The Chola Empire, which reached its zenith between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, is celebrated for its well-organized state apparatus, administrative sophistication, and cultural richness. Emerging from the Tamil heartland, the Cholas not only established a powerful state structure in South India but also extended their influence to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. The

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Discuss the administration of the state during the Pandyan times

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The Pandyan kingdom, one of the oldest and most enduring dynasties of South India, had a remarkably structured and efficient system of administration. Flourishing from ancient times and reaching its zenith between the 13th and 14th centuries CE during the Later Pandyas, the dynasty’s capital at Madurai became a prominent center of culture, trade, and

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What was the nature of the Mughal administration? Discuss.

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Introduction The Mughal administration was one of the most organized and centralized systems in medieval Indian history. The Mughals, who ruled a vast empire from the early 16th to the mid-18th century, created a strong bureaucratic structure that allowed them to govern efficiently. The administration combined Persian, Islamic, and Indian traditions and was notable for

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Did the Civil Services under the colonial rule serve the function of being the ‘steel frame’ of the Empire?

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Introduction The Civil Services in British India were often described as the “steel frame” of the British Empire. This term reflects the crucial role that the Indian Civil Services (ICS) played in maintaining British control over India. British rulers depended heavily on civil servants to administer the vast colony, implement laws, collect taxes, and maintain

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How have the modern historians looked at the state formation during the Delhi Sultanate period? Elaborate.

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Modern historians have extensively analyzed the process of state formation during the Delhi Sultanate period (1206–1526 CE), using various frameworks such as political theory, socio-economic change, and administrative transformation. The Delhi Sultanate, which saw the rule of multiple dynasties including the Mamluks, Khaljis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids, and Lodis, marked a critical phase in the development of

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The Magnetic Journey of Loggerhead Turtles: How They Find Their Way

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Imagine having a built-in GPS that helps you travel thousands of miles across the ocean without getting lost. That’s exactly what loggerhead turtles do every time they set out on their incredible journeys. These magnificent creatures have a secret weapon—a natural compass that uses Earth’s magnetic field to guide them over vast distances. What Are

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