Introduction
Sovereignty is one of the most important concepts in political theory. It refers to the supreme power or authority of the state to govern itself and its people. The idea of sovereignty explains who has the final say in making laws and policies within a territory. In this answer, we will explain the meaning, features, and types of sovereignty in simple language.
Meaning of Sovereignty
The word sovereignty comes from the Latin word “superanus,” meaning supreme. It refers to the ultimate authority in a political community that is not subject to any higher power. A sovereign state is one that makes its own laws, controls its territory, and is independent of external control.
Features of Sovereignty
- Supremacy: Sovereignty is the highest authority in the state. No other power is above it.
- Absoluteness: Sovereignty is not shared; it is absolute within the state.
- Indivisibility: It cannot be divided among different authorities. The state is one unit.
- Permanence: Sovereignty continues as long as the state exists, even if governments change.
- Universality: Sovereignty applies to all people and institutions within the territory.
Types of Sovereignty
1. Internal Sovereignty
This means the state has supreme authority within its territory. It can make laws, maintain order, and enforce justice without interference. For example, the Indian Parliament has the power to make laws for India.
2. External Sovereignty
This refers to the independence of the state in international affairs. A sovereign state is free from external control and can make treaties, trade agreements, or declare war. For example, India is free to sign agreements with other countries without seeking permission from any external authority.
Theories of Sovereignty
- Austin’s Theory: John Austin defined sovereignty as the power of a political superior who issues commands that people obey. He saw it as absolute and indivisible.
- Popular Sovereignty: Proposed by Rousseau, it means sovereignty belongs to the people. The government derives power from the consent of the governed.
- Legal Sovereignty: The authority that makes the final laws, like Parliament in a democracy.
- Political Sovereignty: The real power held by the people, who can influence laws through elections and public opinion.
Limitations of Sovereignty
In today’s world, sovereignty is not absolute. It faces limitations from:
- International Law: States must follow rules and agreements set by global organizations like the UN.
- Globalization: Economic interdependence reduces the full independence of states.
- Human Rights: Governments cannot misuse sovereignty to violate basic human rights.
Conclusion
Sovereignty is the defining feature of the modern state. It gives the state the authority to make laws, maintain order, and act independently in world affairs. While classical thinkers saw it as absolute, modern realities like globalization and human rights have made sovereignty more flexible. Still, it remains central to understanding politics and governance.