Introduction Classical conditioning is a learning theory developed by Ivan Pavlov. It explains how people or animals learn to associate one stimulus with another through repeated exposure. Basic Concept In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, producing a conditioned response. Example Pavlov rang a bell before giving food to dogs. […]
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Introduction Therapeutic interviewing is a specialized method used in counseling and case work to help clients explore their thoughts, feelings, and problems in a safe and supportive environment. Purpose The goal is to promote healing, insight, and behavioral change through open communication and guided conversation. Key Features Uses empathy, active listening, and open-ended questions Helps
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Introduction Etiological diagnosis is a method of identifying the root causes or origins of a client’s problems. It goes beyond the symptoms and focuses on understanding why a particular issue is occurring. Purpose in Social Case Work In case work, etiological diagnosis helps the social worker develop a deeper understanding of the client’s background, environment,
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Introduction The principle of self-determination is a core value in social work. It means that every individual has the right to make their own choices and decisions about their life, provided they do not harm others. Meaning In case work, this principle empowers clients to take responsibility for solving their problems. The social worker’s role
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Introduction Transference is a psychological concept used in counseling and therapy. It refers to the process where a client unconsciously transfers feelings or emotions they have towards someone from their past onto the therapist or case worker. Understanding Transference For example, a client might treat a social worker as a parental figure, reacting with the
Introduction Self-actualisation is the process of realizing and fulfilling one’s full potential and capabilities. It is the highest level in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which represents the ultimate goal of human growth and personal development. Definition According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualisation is the desire to become everything one is capable of becoming. It includes personal
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Introduction Confidentiality is a core principle in social case work, ensuring that information shared by clients is kept private. It builds trust and encourages open communication. However, in practice, maintaining confidentiality can be challenging due to legal, ethical, and situational factors. Limitations of Confidentiality 1. Threat to Life or Safety When a client reveals plans
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Introduction Ethical dilemma in social case work arises when a social worker faces two or more conflicting ethical principles, making it difficult to decide the right course of action. These dilemmas test the professional’s ability to balance client rights, organizational rules, and legal obligations. Understanding Ethical Dilemmas Ethical dilemmas often occur in areas such as
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Introduction Transactional Analysis (TA) is a cognitive-behavioral technique developed by Eric Berne. It helps individuals understand their behavior by analyzing interactions or “transactions” with others. TA is widely used in counselling and case work to improve communication and promote self-awareness. Meaning of Transactional Analysis Transactional Analysis is based on the idea that human personality has
Introduction Interviewing is a vital tool in social case work. It helps social workers understand the client’s problems, feelings, and needs. Effective interviewing requires a set of specific skills that enable the case worker to build trust, gather information, and plan interventions. Key Interviewing Skills for Case Workers 1. Active Listening The case worker must
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